• NCERT Solutions
    • NCERT Library
  • RD Sharma
    • RD Sharma Class 12 Solutions
    • RD Sharma Class 11 Solutions Free PDF Download
    • RD Sharma Class 10 Solutions
    • RD Sharma Class 9 Solutions
    • RD Sharma Class 8 Solutions
    • RD Sharma Class 7 Solutions
    • RD Sharma Class 6 Solutions
  • Class 12
    • Class 12 Science
      • NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Maths
      • NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Physics
      • NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry
      • NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Biology
      • NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Economics
      • NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Computer Science (Python)
      • NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Computer Science (C++)
      • NCERT Solutions for Class 12 English
      • NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Hindi
    • Class 12 Commerce
      • NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Maths
      • NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Business Studies
      • NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Accountancy
      • NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Micro Economics
      • NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Macro Economics
      • NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Entrepreneurship
    • Class 12 Humanities
      • NCERT Solutions for Class 12 History
      • NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Political Science
      • NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Economics
      • NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Sociology
      • NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Psychology
  • Class 11
    • Class 11 Science
      • NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Maths
      • NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Physics
      • NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Chemistry
      • NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Biology
      • NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Economics
      • NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Computer Science (Python)
      • NCERT Solutions for Class 11 English
      • NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Hindi
    • Class 11 Commerce
      • NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Maths
      • NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Business Studies
      • NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Accountancy
      • NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Economics
      • NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Entrepreneurship
    • Class 11 Humanities
      • NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Psychology
      • NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Political Science
      • NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Economics
      • NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Indian Economic Development
  • Class 10
    • NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Maths
    • NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science
    • NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science
    • NCERT Solutions for Class 10 English
    • NCERT Solutions For Class 10 Hindi Sanchayan
    • NCERT Solutions For Class 10 Hindi Sparsh
    • NCERT Solutions For Class 10 Hindi Kshitiz
    • NCERT Solutions For Class 10 Hindi Kritika
    • NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Sanskrit
    • NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Foundation of Information Technology
  • Class 9
    • NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Maths
    • NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Science
    • NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Social Science
    • NCERT Solutions for Class 9 English
    • NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Hindi
    • NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Sanskrit
    • NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Foundation of IT
  • CBSE Sample Papers
    • Previous Year Question Papers
    • CBSE Topper Answer Sheet
    • CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12
    • CBSE Sample Papers for Class 11
    • CBSE Sample Papers for Class 10
    • Solved CBSE Sample Papers for Class 9 with Solutions 2024-2025
    • CBSE Sample Papers Class 8
    • CBSE Sample Papers Class 7
    • CBSE Sample Papers Class 6
  • Textbook Solutions
    • Lakhmir Singh
    • Lakhmir Singh Class 10 Physics
    • Lakhmir Singh Class 10 Chemistry
    • Lakhmir Singh Class 10 Biology
    • Lakhmir Singh Class 9 Physics
    • Lakhmir Singh Class 9 Chemistry
    • PS Verma and VK Agarwal Biology Class 9 Solutions
    • Lakhmir Singh Science Class 8 Solutions

Learn CBSE

NCERT Solutions for Class 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12

Ruling the Countryside Class 8 Notes History Chapter 3

January 24, 2024 by Sastry CBSE

CBSE NotesCBSE Notes Class 8 SocialNCERT Solutions Social

Ruling the Countryside Class 8 Notes Social Science History Chapter 3 SST Pdf free download is part of Class 8 Social Science Notes for Quick Revision. Here we have given Ruling the Countryside Class 8 History Chapter 3 Notes.

Ruling the Countryside Class 8 Notes Social Science History Chapter 3

Britain turns to India: As the demand for Indigo grew in Europe, East India Company turned to India for its supply by extending the cultivated area under it. Many of the company officials found it so profitable that they left their jobs.

Demand of Indian Indigo: India had better weather conditions for the growth of the Indigo plant and the French and Italian manufacturers used Indian Indigo for dying the cloth. The cloth manufacturers favoured Indigo against the Wood plant.

Cultivation of Indigo: There were two popular systems in practice—Nij and Ryoti. In the Nij system, cultivators grew Indigo on their own land. In the Ryobi system, it was grown on rented land by hired labourers.

Problem with Nij cultivation: The problem with Nij was that the expansion of area was not possible. Scattered small plots wTere available. Mobility of labour was low. Growing season of Indigo clashed with that of rice cultivation season.

Indigo on the land of Ryotis: Planters extended loans and pressurized peasants or headmen to produce Indigo. The planters provided seeds and drill. These contracts never came to an end and the vicious cycle continued.

The Blue Rebellion: In March 1859, crippled by the circumstances and suffering, cultivators rose in revolt against indigo planters and their Indian agents. They were supported by zamindars and headmen.

Collapse of Indigo production: The rebellion left the government worried. It set up the Indigo Commission to inquire into the system of Indigo production. The Commission held the planters guilty and criticised them for their coercive methods. It declared that Indigo production was not profitable for Ryots.

After the assumption of Diwani in 1765, the Company began to use the vast revenue resources of Bengal. Now the revenues from India could finance company’s expenses. These revenues could be used to purchase cotton and silk textiles in India.

This caused a huge loss of revenue for Bengal. The Bengal economy fell into deep crisis. Artisans began to desert villages because they were being forced to sell their goods to the Company at low prices. Peasants were also worried. Agriculture cultivation showed signs of collapse. Then in 1770 a terrible famine killed ten million people in Bengal.

Now the Company felt the need of improvement in the field of agriculture because only then its revenue income was sure.

Finally, the Company introduced the Permanent Settlement in 1793. The rajas and talukdars were asked to collect rent from the peasants and pay revenue to the Company. The amount to be paid was fixed permanently.

It was felt that this would ensure a regular flow of revenue into the Company’s treasury and at the same time encourage the zamindars to invest in improving the land.

But the zamindars were not capable of investing in the improvement of land. The revenue that had been fixed was so high that they found it difficult to pay.

By the first decade of the 19th century, the prices in the market rose and cultivation slowly expanded. This meant an increase in the income of the zamindars but no gain for the Company since it could not increase a revenue demand that had been fixed permanently.

The Permanent Settlement was oppressive for the cultivators. The rent they paid to the zamindars was high and their right on the land was insecure.

Finding the Permanent settlement a failure, Holt Mackenzie, an Englishman, devised a new system called Mahalwari Settlement which came into effect in 1822. The collectors were asked to visit villages, inspect the land, measure the fields and record the customs and right of different groups. The estimated revenue of each plot within a village was added up to calculate the revenue that each village or mahal had to pay. This demand was to be revised periodically.

In the British territories in the south ryotwar (or ryotwari) system was devised. It was initiated by Captain Alexander Read and developed by.Shomas Munro. This system was gradually extended all over South India.

The Ryotwari Settlement was made directly with the cultivators (ryots).

All the new systems proved to be failure. The Company had imposed these systems in order to increase the income from land, but its purpose was not solved becuase the revenue demand was very high.

By the late 18th century the Company was trying to expand the cultivation of opium and indigo.

Indian indigo was in great demand in Europe. Hence, the Company in India looked for ways to expand the area under indigo cultivation.

From the last decades of the 18th century Bengal indigo came to dominate the world market. In 1788 only about 30% of the indigo imported into Britain was from India. By 1810 the proportion had gone up to 95%.

As the indigo trade grew, commercial agents and officials of the Company began investing in indigo production.

Indigo cultivation was done under two systems known as nij and ryoti. Within the system of nij cultivation, the planter produced indigo in lands that he directly controlled.

But it was difficult for planters to expand the area under nij cultivation.

Indigo could be cultivated only on fertile lands and these were all already densely populated.

Labour was also not easily available.

Ni cultivation on a large scale also required several ploughs and bullocks. Investing on purchase and maintenance of ploughs was a big problem. Therefore, planters showed reluctance towards expanding the area under nij cultivation.

Under the ryoti system, planters forced the ryots to sign a contract, an agreement, also known as satta. Those who signed the contract got cash advances from the planters at low rates of interest to produce indigo. But this system was not in favour of the cultivators because they were not given fair prices after the harvest was ready. Thus, indigo cultivators were highly dissatisfied.

Several ryots in Bengal refused to grow indigo. Soon they became violent. They got support of the local zamindars and village headmen in their rebellion against the planters.

This worried the government. It brought in the military to protect the planters and set up the Indigo Commission to enquire into the system of indigo production.

The Commission held the planters guilty.

It declared that indigo production was not profitable for ryots. Hence, they were not needed to produce indi§o in future.

Ultimately indigo production collapsed in Bengal. The planters then shifted their operation to Bihar.

Countryside: Rural areas.

Permanent Settlement: Under this settlement it was decided that the rates of revenues once fixed would not be changed.

Mahal: In British revenue records Mahal is a revenue estate which may be a village or a group of villages.

Mahalwari Settlement: Under this system, the rates of revenues were to be revised periodically, not permanently fixed.

Ryobi: Cultivator.

Indigo: A plant that produces a rich blue colour.

Plantations: A large farm operated by a planter employing various forms of forced labour. Plantations are associated with the production of coffee, sugarcane, tobacco, tea and cotton.

Woad: A plant that produces violet and blue dyes.

Slave: A person who is owned by someone else, i.e., the slave owner. A slave enjoys no freedom and is compelled to work for the master.

Bigha: A unit of measurement of land.

We hope the given Ruling the Countryside Class 8 Notes Social Science History Chapter 3 SST Pdf free download will help you. If you have any query regarding Ruling the Countryside Class 8 History Chapter 3 Notes, drop a comment below and we will get back to you at the earliest.

Filed Under: CBSE

LearnCBSE.in Student Education Loan
  • Student Nutrition - How Does This Effect Studies
  • Words by Length
  • NEET MCQ
  • Factoring Calculator
  • Rational Numbers
  • CGPA Calculator
  • TOP Universities in India
  • TOP Engineering Colleges in India
  • TOP Pharmacy Colleges in India
  • Coding for Kids
  • Math Riddles for Kids with Answers
  • General Knowledge for Kids
  • General Knowledge
  • Scholarships for Students
  • NSP - National Scholarip Portal
  • Class 12 Maths NCERT Solutions
  • Class 11 Maths NCERT Solutions
  • NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Maths
  • NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Maths
  • NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Maths
  • NCERT Solutions for Class 7 Maths
  • NCERT Solutions for Class 6 Maths
  • NCERT Solutions for Class 6 Science
  • NCERT Solutions for Class 7 Science
  • NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Science
  • NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Science
  • NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science
  • NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Physics
  • NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Chemistry
  • NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Physics
  • NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry
  • NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 1
  • NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 2
  • Metals and Nonmetals Class 10
  • carbon and its compounds class 10
  • Periodic Classification of Elements Class 10
  • Life Process Class 10
  • NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 7
  • NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 8
  • NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 9
  • NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 10
  • NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 11
  • NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 12
  • NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 13
  • NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 14
  • NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 15
  • NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 16

Free Resources

RD Sharma Class 12 Solutions RD Sharma Class 11
RD Sharma Class 10 RD Sharma Class 9
RD Sharma Class 8 RD Sharma Class 7
CBSE Previous Year Question Papers Class 12 CBSE Previous Year Question Papers Class 10
NCERT Books Maths Formulas
CBSE Sample Papers Vedic Maths
NCERT Library

NCERT Solutions

NCERT Solutions for Class 10
NCERT Solutions for Class 9
NCERT Solutions for Class 8
NCERT Solutions for Class 7
NCERT Solutions for Class 6
NCERT Solutions for Class 5
NCERT Solutions for Class 4
NCERT Solutions for Class 3
NCERT Solutions for Class 2
NCERT Solutions for Class 1

Quick Resources

English Grammar Hindi Grammar
Textbook Solutions Maths NCERT Solutions
Science NCERT Solutions Social Science NCERT Solutions
English Solutions Hindi NCERT Solutions
NCERT Exemplar Problems Engineering Entrance Exams
Like us on Facebook Follow us on Twitter
Watch Youtube Videos NCERT Solutions App