CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Psychology Set 8 with Solutions

Students must start practicing the questions from CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Psychology with Solutions Set 8 are designed as per the revised syllabus.

CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Psychology Set 8 with Solutions

Time: 3Hrs.
Max. Marks: 70

General Instructions

1. All questions are compulsory except where internal choice has been given.
2. Question Nos. 1-14 in Section A carry 1 mark each. You are expected to answer them as directed.
3. Question Nos. 15-19 in Section B are Very Short Answer Type Questions carrying 2 marks each. Answer to each question should not exceed 30 words.
4. Question Nos. 20-23 in Section C are Short Answer Type Questions carrying 3 marks each. Answer to each question should not exceed 60 words.
5. Question Nos. 24-27 in Section D are Long Answer Type-I Questions carrying 4 marks each. Answer to each question should not exceed 120 words.
6. Question Nos. 28-29 in Section E are Long Answer Type-II Questions carrying 6 marks each. Answer to each question should not exceed 200 words.
7. Question Nos. 30-33 in Section F are based on two cases given. Answer to each 1 mark question should not exceed 20 words. Answer to each 2 marks question should not exceed 30 words.

Section A
Multiple Choice Questions (Each Que. carries 1 M)

Question 1.
Kiran nowadays suffer from stress including mood swings, and shows erratic behaviour with family and friends.
In career path, she has decreasing confidence and self-esteem. These effects are called as (1)
(a) psychological effects
(b) workload burden effects
(c) emotional effects
(d) medical disorder effects
Answer:
(c) emotional effects

Question 2.
A person’s reaction to external stressors is …………. (1)
(a) proximal necessary cause
(b) sufficient cause
(c) contributory cause
(d) social factor
Answer:
(b) Strain

Question 3.
A diathesis can best be describe d as a (1)
(a) proximal necessary cause
(b) Sufficient cause
(c) contributory cause
(d) social factor
Answer:
(c) contributory cause

Question 4.
Tendency of respondent to endorse items in a socially desirable manner is known as (1)
(a) acquiescence
(b) social-bias
(c) social desirability
(d) halo effect
Answer:
(c) Social desirability

Question 5.
A group of people start a tree plantation campaign as a part of ‘Green Environment Movement’. Based on sufficient information about the environment, your view towards a green environment is positive. What do we call this positivity? (1)
(a) Competency
(b) E-component
(c) C-component
(d) Non-evaluate aspect
Answer:
(c) C-component

Question 6.
In the following question, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of the Reason (R). Read the statements and choose the appropriate option. (1)
Assertion (A) Wechsler defined intelligence as the global and aggregate capacity of an individual to think rationally, act purposefully, and deal effectively with environment.
Reason (R) Wechsler’s intelligence tests are widely used and understand intelligence in terms of its functionality.

Codes
(a) Both A and R are true and R is correct explanation of A
(b) Both A and R are true, but R is not correct explanation of A
(c) A is true, but R is false
(d) A is false, but R is true
Answer:
(a) Both A and R are true and R is correct explanation of A

Question 7.
Which psychologist believed that there is a common structure on which people differ from each other? (1)
(a) Gordon Allport
(b) Raymond Cattell
(c) Sigmund Freud
(d) HJ Eysenck
Answer:
(b) Raymond Cattell

Question 8.
According to the psychological studies, which among the following factors influences attitude formation? (1)
(a) Isolation
(b) Reference groups
(c) Social experiences
(d) Clinical related influences
Answer:
(b) Reference groups

Question 9.
According to method, unwanted behaviour can be reduced and wanted behaviour can be increased simultaneously. (1)
(a) Differential reinforcement
(b) Differential enforcement
(c) Reciprocal inhibition
(d) Positive modelling
Answer:
(a) Differential reinforcement

Question 10.
In the following question, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of the Reason (R). Read the statements and choose the appropriate option. (1)
Assertion (A) An individual intelligence test is one which can be administered to one person at a time. A group intelligence test can be administered to several persons simultaneously.
Reason (R) Individual tests allow people to answer orally or in a written form or manipulate objects as per the tester’s instructions. Group tests generally seek written answers usually in a multiple- choice format.
Codes
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A
(b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A
(c) A is true, but R is false
(d) A is false, but R is true
Answer:
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A

Question 11.
In the following question, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of the Reason (R). Read the statements and choose the appropriate option. (1)
Assertion (A) Changes, both big and small, sudden and gradual doesn’t affect our life from the moment we are bom.
Reason (R) Frustration results from the blocking of needs and motives by something or someone that hinders us from achieving a desired goal.

Codes
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A
(b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A
(c) A is true, but R is false
(d) A is false, but R is true
Answer:
(d) A is false, but R is true

Question 12.
Shyam, a 25 year old man is suffering from tobacco and alcohol addiction. Though he wants to quit these substance in the past but could not be successful. His mother has decided to treat his son in Rishikesh through alternative therapies. Identify among the following which are considered as alternative therapies. (1)
I. Constant observation and medical therapy
II. Yoga and meditation
III. Clinical treatment and drug healing
IV. Acupuncture and herbal remedies. Choose the correct option.

(a) I and II
(b) II and III
(c) I, II and III
(d) II and IV
Answer:
(d) II and IV

Question 13.
Holmes and Rahe developed a life event measure of stress. A measure of stressful life events based on the scale known as the Presumptive Stressful Life Events Scale. It has been developed for the Indian population by Singh, Kaur and Kaur. How many life changes are mentioned in this? (1)
(a) Fifty-one life changes
(b) Sixty-one life changes
(c) Seventy-one life changes
(d) Eighty-one life changes
Answer:
(a) Fifty-one life changes

Question 14.
Rama and Garima are sisters and are equally good at studies in school. Their behaviour, likes and dislikes are also quite similar. It becomes at times difficult for their people to distinguish between the two. How do psychologists determine individual personalities and traits? (1)
(a) Trait Approach
(b) Type Approach
(c) Personality Approach
(d) Post-Freudian Approach
Answer:
(b) Type Approach

Section B
Very Short Answer Type Questions (Each Que. carries 2 M)

Question 15.
Jaqueline is very open minded teenage girl.
She loves party, outing and enjoys being the centre of attention among her peer group. According to Eysenck’s theory, which personality characteristics can be associated with her? (2)
Answer:
Jaqueline’ personality characteristics are associated with extraversion personality. Person with an extroverted personality type are approachable and friendly. They like being in group and are considered as charismatic leaders that foster positive outlooks.

Question 16.
Rupam’s term-end exams are about to start.
Being a studious person he is well prepared and attended regular classes with good internal exams. However, he is not able to properly sleep or take food on time due to examination stress. Describe the characteristics of examination stress. (2)
Answer:
Examination stress has been characterised as evaluative apprehension or evaluative stress. It produces debilitating behavioural, cognitive, and physiological effects different from those produced by any other stressor.

Question 17.
Technologically advanced societies adopt child rearing practices that foster skills of generalisation and abstraction, speed, minimal moves and mental manipulation among children. What type of behaviour, do these societies promotes? (2)
Answer:
Technologically advanced societies promote a type of behaviour, which can be called technological intelligence. In these societies, persons are well-versed in skills of attention, observation, analysis, performance, speed and achievement orientation.

Question 18.
What are the various approaches used to distinguish between normal and abnormal behaviour? (2)
Answer:
Various approaches have been used to distinguish between normal and abnormal behaviours. These are as follows

• The first approach refers to abnormal behaviour as a deviation from the social norms.
• The second approach views abnormal behaviour as maladaptive.

Question 19.
Omvati belongs to an agricultural society.
In an agricultural society, what kind of qualities do people possess? (2)
Answer:
In agricultural society, children are taught to be obedient, responsible, dutiful, caring towards elders and young ones. These qualities are functional and important in an agricultural society.

Or

Sanam since her childhood is very kind towards animals and she particularly cares about her neighbourhood street dogs and cats. Identify the psychological approach she interstates. (2)
Answer:
Sanam interstates humanistic approach which was proposed by Rogers that states fulfilment is the motivating force for personality development. People try to express their capabilities, potentials and talents to the fullest extent possible. There is an inborn • tendency among persons that directs them to realise their inherited nature.

Section C
Short Answer Type Questions (Each Que. carries 3 M)

Question 20.
Raman shows variation in his behaviour.
At times he is friendly and other times he becomes very shy and introvert. Give reasons why his behaviour is not consistent. (3)
Answer:
Raman shows variation in his behaviour. Different people show variations in their behaviour as they are not always cautious or impulsive, shy or friendly. Individuals are characterised by their personality as they appear in most circumstances.

These situational variations in behaviour also occur in normal human being, as it help individuals in adapting to their environmental circumstances. Situations are powerful enough to override human being’s personalities and principles. There are also some external factors which may have impact on behavioural changes, such as loss of loved one, loss in business, separation from the loved ones, failure in life, etc.

Question 21.
How does Cognitive Behavioural Therapy identify the cause of psychological distress in irrational thoughts and beliefs?
Answer:
Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) is a scientifically-validated treatment that locates the cause of psychological distress in irrational thoughts and beliefs such as anxiety, depression, panic attacks, etc.

It is a type of psychotherapeutic treatment that helps people learn how to identify and change the destructive or disturbing thought patterns that have a negative influence on their behaviour and emotions.

Or

Identify the basic components of special relationship between the client and the therapist.
Answer:
The special relationship between the client and the therapist is known as the therapeutic alliance.
There are two basic components of a therapeutic alliance. The first component is the contractual nature of the relationship in which two willing individuals, the client and the therapist enter into a partnership which aims at helping the client overcome her/his problems.

The second component of therapeutic alliance is the limited duration of the therapy. This alliance lasts until the client becomes able to deal with her/his problems. The high level of trust enables the client to unburden herself/himself to the therapist. He encourages this by being accepting, empathic, genuine and warm to the client.

Question 22.
How is Rational Emotive Therapy (RET) used in treating psychological disorders? (3)
Answer:
Rational Emotive Therapy (RET) is used in treating psychological disorders. It was formulated by Albert Ellis. The central thesis of this therapy is that irrational beliefs mediate between the antecedent events and their consequences. The first step in RET is the Antecedent-Belief-Consequence (ABC) analysis.

Antecedent events, which caused the psychological distress, are noted. The client is also interviewed to find the irrational beliefs, which are distorting the present reality. Irrational beliefs may not be supported by empirical evidence in the environment. These beliefs are characterised by thoughts with ‘musts’ and ‘shoulds’, i.e. things ‘must’ and ‘should’ be in a particular manner. The rational belief system replaces the irrational belief system and there is a reduction in psychological distress.

Question 23.
“An understanding of personality allows us to deal with people in realistic and acceptable ways”. Discuss.
Answer:
Once we are able to characterise someone’s personality, we can predict how that person will probably behave in a variety of circumstances. An understanding of personality allows us to deal with people in realistic and acceptable ways.

For example, if you find a child who does not like orders, the most effective way to deal with that child will be not to give orders, but to present a set of acceptable alternatives from which the child may choose. Similarly, a child who has feelings of inferiority needs to be treated differently from a child who is self-confident.

Section D
Long Answer Type-I Questions (Each Que. carries 4 M)

Question 24.
Explain the impact of alcohol.
Answer:
Impact of alcohol includes

1. Alcoholism destroys millions of families, social relationships and careers.
2. All alcohol beverages contain ethyl alcohol which is absorbed into the blood and carried into the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) where it depresses or slows down functioning.
3. Ethyl alcohol depresses those areas in the brain that control judgment and inhibition, people become more talkative and friendly, and they feel more confident and happy.
4. As alcohol is absorbed, it affects other areas of the brain. For example, drinkers are unable to make sound judgments, speech becomes less careful and less clear and memory falters.
5. Motor difficulties increase. For example, people become unsteady when they walk and clumsy in performing simple activities.
6. It also has serious effects on the children of persons with this disorder. These children have higher rates of psychological problems, particularly anxiety, depression, phobias and substance-related disorders.

Question 25.
A 35-year-old office manager named Sarah has been experiencing increasing levels of stress at work due to tight deadlines, demanding clients and a high workload. Despite her efforts to cope, she finds herself feeling constantly overwhelmed and fatigued.
Based on Selye’s General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) model, describe the potential stages Sarah may be experiencing as her stress persists. Additionally, discuss the limitations of Selye’s model in accounting for the role of psychological factors in stress, and how Sarah’s perceptions, personality and biological constitution might influence her response to stress. (1 + 3)
Answer:
Sarah may be experiencing the stages of General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) as her stress persists. For instance

1. Initially, she may undergo the alarm reaction stage, marked by activation of the adrenal-pituitary-cortex system and the readiness for fight or flight.
2. As stress continues, she enters the resistance stage, where her body attempts to cope with the ongoing stressors through more cautious resource utilisation.
3. If stress persists further, Sarah may reach the exhaustion stage, characterised by depletion of resources and increased susceptibility to stress-related illnesses.

The limitation of Selye’s model is that it overlooks psychological factors in stress. Sarah’s response to stress and progression through GAS stages are , influenced by her perceptions of stressors, personality traits affecting coping mechanisms, and biological factors determining physiological reactions, underscoring the significance of individual differences in stress management.

Or

Samantha, a 28 years old IT Professional has completely hectic day throughout the weekdays. Despite the fact her neighbours get surprise as she never fails to go shopping or attend community club activities. Identify and explain the personality of Samantha. (1+3 )
Answer:
Samantha has stress resistant personality, which allow a person to cope well with stress, giving the appearance • that they are resistant to crisis. These include the hardy personality, the survivor personality and the sensation seeker. People with high levels of stress but low levels ’ of illness share three characteristics, which are referred to as the personality traits of hardiness. It consists of the three Cs, i.e. Commitment, Control and Challenge. Hardiness is a set of beliefs about oneself, the world, and how they interact.

It takes shape as a sense of personal commitment to what you are doing, a sense of control over your life, and a feeling of challenge.

Question 26.
Describe Gordon Allport’s Trait Theory and its components. (2+2)
Answer:
Gordon Allport is considered as the pioneer of trait approach. He proposed that individuals possess a number of traits, which are dynamic in nature. They determine behaviour in such a manner that an individual approaches different situations with similar plans. The traits integrate stimuli and responses which otherwise look dissimilar.

Allport acknowledged the influence of situations on behaviour. He categorised traits into three parts i.e. cardinal, central and secondary. Cardinal traits are highly generalised in nature. They indicate the goal around which a person’s entire life seems to revolve. Mahatma Gandhi’s non-violence and Hitler’s Nazism are examples of cardinal traits.

Central traits are less broad in effect but still quite generalised in nature. These traits are often used in writing a testimonial or job recommendations for a person. Warm, sincere, diligent, etc are the examples of this trait.

Secondary traits are the least generalised characteristics of a person. Traits such as like mangoes or prefers ethnic clothes are examples of secondary traits.

Question 27.
Farhan is a teacher in the nearby Anger Management Institute. With the batch of 150 students, he teaches with live model examples. Even students are quite satisfied with his teaching methodology. One day they learnt that his teacher has filed for a divorce petition against his wife. Explain the attitude-behaviour relationship. (4)
Answer:
An individual’s attitude may not always be exhibited through behaviour. One’s actual behaviour may be contrary to one’s attitude towards a particular topic. As we can see here how Farhan could not save his marriage life after being a qualified anger management teacher.

With this, one can say, attitudes may not always predict actual pattern of one’s behaviour. Sometimes, it is behaviour that decides the attitude. Psychologists have found that there would be consistency between attitudes and behaviour when

• the attitude is strong and occupies a central place in the attitude system.
• the person is aware of her/his attitude.
• there is very little or no external pressure for the person to behave in a particular way.
• the person’s behaviour is not being watched or evaluated by others.
• the person thinks that the behaviour would have a positive consequence, and therefore, intends to engage in that behaviour.

Section E
Long Answer Type-II Questions (Each case carries Que. of 6 M)

Question 28.
What is group polarisation? How is it related to Persuasive Arguments Theory? (4 + 2)
Answer:
Group polarisation is the tendency for groups to show a shift towards the extremes of decision-making when compared to decisions made by individuals.

When individual members of a group are already cautious in their attitude to a decision, they will show a shift toward an even more cautious attitude when they discuss this as part of a like-minded group.

When individuals are less cautious before a group discussion, they tend to show a shift towards more risky decisions when they are making a decision as part of a like-minded group. This type of group polarisation is known as risky shift. On average, groups will polarise (show accentuated judgments) toward the attitudes held before the group decision is reached.

Group polarisation is related with the Persuasive Arguments Theory because of the content of the arguments that happen during discussions. This theory assumes that there is a group of arguments that can be applied to any issue and that the people participating in the discussion-draw possible arguments from the pool of those that support their initial attitudes.

Or

What is social loafing and why does it occur? (2 + 4)
Answer:
Social loafing refers to the concept that people are prone to exert less effort when working collectively as part of a group compared to performing a task alone. Social loafing is more evident in tasks where the contribution of each group member is combined into a group outcome, making it difficult to identify the contribution of a single person.

An example of such a task is the game of tug-of-war. It is not possible for you to identify how much force each member of the team has been exerting.
Social loafing occurs because of the following reasons

• Group members feel less responsible for the overall task being performed and therefore exert less effort.
• Motivation of members decreases because they realise that their contributions will not be evaluated on individual basis.
• The performance of the group is not to be compared with other groups.
• There is an improper coordination (or no coordination) among members.
• Belonging to the same group is not important for members. It is only an aggregate of individuals.

Question 29.
Describe the PASS Model. Explain its processes. (2+4)
Answer:
The PASS Model was given by JP Das, Jack Naglieri and Kirby in 1994. According to this model, intellectual activity involves the interdependent functioning of three neurological systems, called functional units of brains. These PASS processes operate on a knowledge base developed either formally (by reading, writing and experimenting) or informally from the environment. These processes are interactive and dynamic in nature yet each has its own distinctive function.

PASS Model is comprised of three processes which are as follows
Arousal/Attention State of arousal is basic to any behaviour, as it helps us in attending to stimuli. It enables a person to process information. An optimal level of arousal focuses our attention to the relevant aspects of a problem. Too much or too little arousal would interfere with attention.

Simultaneous and Successive Processing :
Simultaneous processing takes place when you perceive the relations among various concepts and integrate them into a meaningful pattern for comprehension.

Successive processing takes place when you remember all the information sequentially, so that the recall of one item leads to the recall of another. Learning of digits, alphabets, multiplication tables, etc are examples of successive processing.

Planning It allows us to think of the possible courses of action, implement them to reach a target and evaluate their effectiveness. If a plan does not work, it is modified to suit the requirements of the task or situation.

Or

Are there any cultural differences in the conceptualisation of intelligence? Also explain technological intelligence. (3 + 3)
Answer:
Yes, there are cultural differences in the conceptualisation of intelligence. The cultural environment provides a context for intelligence to develop.

Culture and Intelligence :
A person’s intelligence is likely to be tuned by cultural parameters like customs, beliefs, attitudes and achievements in art and literature. Many theorists have regarded intelligence as attributes specific to the person without regard to their cultural background.

According to Sternberg, intelligence is a product of culture. Vygotsky also believed that cultures, like individuals, have a life of their own; they grow and change, and in the process specify what will be the end-product of successful intellectual development.

Technological Intelligence :
Technological intelligence is found in technologically advanced societies. Skills of generalisation and abstraction, speed, minimal moves and mental manipulation are promoted among children.

These societies promote a type of behaviour, which can be called technological intelligence. In these societies, persons are well-versed in skills of attention, observation, analysis, performance, speed and achievement orientation.

Technological intelligence is not so valued in many Asian and African societies. The qualities and skills regarded as intelligent actions in non-Western cultures are sharply different. Contrary to technological intelligence, intelligence in the Indian tradition can be termed as integral intelligence.

Indian thinkers view intelligence from a holistic perspective where equal attention is paid to cognitive and non-cognitive processes as well as their integration.

Section F
Case- Based Questions (Each case carries Que. of 3 M)

Read the case study given below and answer the questions that follow.

Schizophrenia is the descriptive term for a group of psychotic disorders in which personal, social and occupational functioning deteriorate as a result of disturbed thought processes, strange perceptions, unusual emotional states and motor abnormalities.

It is a debilitating disorder. The social and psychological costs of schizophrenia are tremendous, both to patients as well as to their families and society. Symptoms of schizophrenia can be classified as positive symptoms (i.e. excesses of thought, emotion, and behaviour), negative symptoms (i.e. deficits of thought, emotion, and behaviour), and psychomotor symptoms.

Question 30.
What are delusions?
Answer:
A delusion is a false belief that is firmly held on inadequate grounds. It is not affected by rational argument, and has no basis in reality.

Question 31.
Explain two types of hallucinations. (2)
Answer:
Hallucination involve sensing things such as visions, sounds or smells that seen real but are not. These things are created by the mind.

Two types of hallucinations are as follows-
Auditory Hallucinations These are false perceptions of sound. It is one of the most prevalent symptoms of schizophrenia.
Somatic Hallucinations It is false perception that something happening inside the body such as a snake crawling inside one’s stomach, etc.

Read the case study given below and answer the questions that follow.

As in the case of other mental and physical characteristics, such variations can be
attributed to the complex interaction of heredity and environment. There is no disagreement that creativity is determined by both heredity and environment. Limits of the creative potential are set by heredity, environmental factors stimulate the development of creativity. How much of the creative potential can be realised, when and in what specific form and direction is largely determined by environmental factors such as motivation, commitment, family support, peer influences, training opportunities, etc.

Although no amount of training can transform an average person to the level of Tagore, Shakespeare, etc. but it is also true that every individual can raise her/his level of creative potential beyond its present level.

Question 32.
What do you understand by creativity? (1)
Answer:
Creativity can be defined as the ability to generate novel ideas, solutions and objects that are helpful and useful.

Question 33.
Limits of the creative potential are set by heredity, environmental factors stimulate the development of creativity. Explain. (2)
Answer:
It is a well-known fact that creativity is determined by both heredity and environment. Limits of the creative potential are set by heredity, environmental factors stimulate the development of creativity, determines that how much one can achieve creative potential. The form and direction also depends on environmental factors such as motivation, commitment, family – support, etc.