Students must start practicing the questions from CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Geography with Solutions Set 2 are designed as per the revised syllabus.
CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Geography Set 2 with Solutions
Time : 3 Hours
Maximum Marks: 70
General Instructions
This question paper contains 30 questions. All questions are compulsory.
- 1. This question paper is divided into five sections – Sections A, B, C. D and E.
- 2. Section A – Questions no. 1 to 17 are Multiple Choice (MCQ) Type Questions carrying 1 mark each.
- 3. Section B – Questions no. 18 and 19 are Source Based Questions carrying 3 marks each.
- 4. Section C – Questions no. 20 to 23 are Short Answer (SA) Type Questions carrying 3 marks each. Answer to these questions shall be written in 80 to 100 words.
- 5. Section D – Questions no, 24 to 28 are Long Answer (LA) Type Questions carrying 5 marks each. Answer to these questions shall be written in 120 to 150 words.
- 6. Section E – Questions no. 29 and 30 are Map-Based Questions.
Section A
Section A consists of 17 questions of 1 mark each
Question 1.
Which of the following constitutes the maximum length of roads in India? (1)
(a) State Highways
(b) National Highways
(c) Rural Roads
(d) District Roads
Answer:
(c) Rural Roads
Question 2.
Match the following. (1)
| List I (Sub-fields of Human Geography) | List II (Sister disciplines) |
| A. Behavioural Geography | 1. Anthropology |
| B. Geography of Leisure | 2. Business Geography |
| C. Cultural Geography | 3. Sociology |
| D. Geography of Marketing | 4. Psychology |
Codes
A B C D
(a) 4 3 1 2
(b) 3 1 2 4
(c) 4 1 2 3
(d) 3 2 4 1
Answer:
(a) 4 3 1 2
Question 3.
identify which of the following approaches was formulated during the early colonial period in Human Geography. (1)
(a) Regional analysis
(b) Exploration and description
(e) A real differentiation
(d) Spatial organisation
Answer:
(b) Exploration and description
Question 4.
In which phase of population growth in demographic transition both birth and death rates were high? (1)
(a) Phase I
(b) Phase II
(c) Phase III
(d) Phase IV
Answer:
(a) Phase I
Question 5.
Which of the following programmes is launched by the present Union Government for the cleaning of river Ganga? (U
(a) Ganga Cleaning Mission
(b) Namami Ganga
(c) Ganga Namami Action Plan
(d) Ganga Action Plan
Answer:
(b) Namami Ganga
Question 6.
Which of these is an Inland port? (1)
(a) Haldia
(b) Ennore port
(c) Kochchi port
(d) Kolkata port
Answer:
(c) Kochchi port
Question 7.
Which of the following pair is incorrectly matched? (1)
Important Sea Routes – Connecting Regions
(a) North Atlantic Sea Route – North-East USA to North-West Europe
(b) North Pacific Sea Route – West Coast of North America to Asia
(c) Cape of Good Hope Sea Route – Connect Western Europe to South African Countries
(d) South Atlantic Sea Route – Connects China to Middle East Region.
Answer:
(d) South Atlantic Sea Route – Connects China to Middle East Region.
Question 8.
Which port has lost its significance as an account of the diversion export to Visakhapatnam, Paradip and Haldia ports? (1)
(a) Kolkata Port
(b) Ennore Port
(c) Kochchi Port
(d) Tuticorin Port
Answer:
(a) Kolkata Port
Question 9.
Which of the following is the benefit of outsourcing?
(a) Lower overhead costs
(b) Efficiency in work
(c) More profit
(d) All of the above
Answer:
(d) All of the above
Question 10.
Consider the following statements and choose the correct answer with the help of given option. (1)
I. Understanding of friction and heat helped the humans in discovering fire.
II. Technology enables the humans to overcome the limitations imposed by nature.
(a) Both the statements are true
(b) Only statement ¡ is true
(c) Only statement ¡lis true
(d) Both the statements are false
Answer:
(a) Both the statements are true
Question 11.
Arrange the following National waterways of India in correct sentence, according to their length in descending order. (1)
I. Sadiya-Dhubri Stretch
II. Kottapuram-Kallom Stretch
III. Allahabad-Haldia Stretch
IV. Delta Channel of Mahanadi and Godavari
Codes
(a) I, II, III, IV
(b) III, I, IV, II
(c) IV II, I. III
(d) III, II, 1, IV
Answer:
(b) III, I, IV, II
Question 12.
Consider the following statements and choose the correct option from the given options. (1)
I. The main sources of air pollution are combustion of fossil fuels, mining and industries.
II. With increasing use of variety of fuels as source of energy, there is a marked increase in emissions of toxic gasses into atmosphere.
Codes
(a) Only statement I is correct
(b) Both the statements are correct, and statement II correctly explains statement I
(c) Only statements Ills correct
(d) Both the statements are true, but not related with each other
Answer:
(b) Both the statements are correct, and statement II correctly explains statement I
Question 13.
The National Waterway lilies on the river ……………………. .(1)
(a) Ganga
(h) Brahmaputra
(c) Yamuna
(d) Kaveri
Answer:
(b) Brahmaputra
Question 14.
There are two statements marked as Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Mark your answer as per the codes given below.
Assertion (A) In India, the work participation rate tends to be higher in areas of lower levels of economic development.
Reason (R) A large number of manual workers are needed to perform subsistence activities. (1)
Codes
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A
(b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A
(c) A is true, but R is false
(d) A is false, but R is true
Answer:
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Question 15.
Which state has higher proportion of cultivators as compared to others? (1)
(a) Himachal Pradesh
(b) Goa
(c) Tamil Nadu
(d) Rajasthan
Answer:
(a) Himachal Pradesh
Question 16.
In which of the following Union Territory, there is very high percentage of agricultural labourers? (1)
(a) NCT of Delhi
(b) Chandigarh
(c) Puducherry
(d) Lakshadweep
Answer:
(c) Puducherry
Question 17.
Which state has higher proportion of other workers? (1)
(a) Bihar
(b) Goa
(c) Madhya Pradesh
(d) Chhattisgarh
Answer:
(b) Goa
Section B
Section B consists of 2 Source based questions of 3 marks each
Question 18.
Read the following passage and answer the questions that follows. Indiscriminate use of water by increasing population and industrial expansion has led degradation of the quality of water considerably. Surface water available from rivers, canals,
lakes, etc. is never pure.
It contains small quantities of suspended particles, organic and inorganic substances. When concentration of these substances increases, the water becomes polluted, and hence becomes unfit for use. In such a situation, the self-purifying capacity of water is unable to purify the water.
Though water pollutants are also created from natural sources (erosion, landslides, decay and decomposition of plants and animals, etc.) pollutants from human activities are the real causes of concern. Human beings pollute the water through industrial, agricultural and cultural activities, Among these activities, industry is the most significant contributon Industries produce several undesirable products including industrial wastes, polluted wastewater, poisonous gases, chemical residuals, numerous heavy metals, dust, smoke, etc.
Most of the industrial wastes are disposed off in running water or lakes. Consequently, poisonous elements reach the reservoirs, rivers and other water bodies, which destroy the bio-system of these waters. Major water-polluting industries are leather, pulp and paper, textiles and chemicals.
Various types of chemicals used in modern agriculture such as inorganic fertilisers, pesticides and herbicides are also pollution-generating components. These chemicals are washed down to rivers, lakes and tanks. These chemicals also infiltrate the soil to
reach the groundwater.
Fertiliser induces an increase in the nitrate content of surface waters. Cultural activities such as pilgrimage, religious fairs, tourism, etc. also cause water pollution. In India, almost all surface water sources are contaminated and unfit for human consumption. Water pollution is a source of various water-borne diseases. The diseases commonly caused due to contaminated water are diarrhoea, intestinal worms, hepatitis, etc.
(i) What has led degradation of water quality? (1)
(ii) Which chemical pollutes water?
(iii) Name few polluting industries.
Answer:
(i) Indiscriminate use of water by increasing population and industrial expansion has led degradation of the quality of water.
(ii) Concentration of suspended particles, organic and inorganic substances make water polluted and hence unit it for use
(iii) Leather industry, pulp and paper industry and chemical industry are few examples of polluting industries.
Question 19.
Observe the given map and answer the following questions.
(i) Name the railway line shown in the map. (1)
(ii) Name the station marked as ‘A’. (1)
(iii) Name the port located on the coast of Spcnccr Gulf through which this railway line passes. (1)
Answer:
(i) The railway line shown in the map is Australian Trans-Continental railway line
(ii) The station marked as ‘A is ‘Sydney’
(iii) Port Augusta and Port Pine are two ports located on the coast of Spencer Gulf through which railway line passes.
Section C
Section C consists of 4 questions of 3 marks each
Question 20.
What is pastoral nomadism? State its characteristics. (3)
Or
“Gathering has little chances to become important at global level.” Analyse the statement by giving three reasons. (3)
Answer:
Pastoral Nomadism is a primitive subsistence activity in which the herders rely on animals for food, clothing, shelter, tools and transport. Main characteristics of pastoral nomadism are given below
- Each nomadic community occupies a well-identified territory as a matter of tradition
- They move from one place to another along with their livestock, depending on the amount and quality of pastures and water.
- Movement in search of pastures is undertaken either over vast horizontal distances or vertically from one elevation to another in the mountainous regions.
- It is mainly confined to dry areas where short grasses are found.
Or
Gathering has little chance of becoming important at the global level because
- It involves low-level primitive technology and the products made from gathering cannot compete with products made from hi-tech machines,
- Synthetic products of better quality and at lower prices have replaced many items supplied by gatherers in tropical regions.
- The yield per person is very low in the gathering activity due to which very little or no surplus is produced to be sold in the world markets.
Question 21.
How is growth different from development in modern society? Explain in brief. (3)
Answer:
Both growth and development refer to changes over a period of time. However, there are some differences. They are as follows
- Growth is quantitative and value-neutral. It may have a positive or a negative sign, whereas development means a qualitative change which is always value positive.
- Development occurs when positive growth takes place. Yet, positive growth does not always lead to development.
- Development occurs only when there is a positive change in quality.
- When the population of a city grows from one lakh to two lakhs over a period of time, we say the city has grown.
- However, if facilities like housing, provision of basic services and other characteristics remain the same, then this growth has not been accompanied by development.
Question 22.
Distinguish between Rural Settlements and Urban Settlements in India. (3)
Or
Differentiate between Clustered Rural Settlement and Dispersed Rural Settlement. (3)
Answer:
The differences between rural and urban settlements are as follows
| Rural Settlements | Urban Settlements |
| The major economic activities in rural areas are agriculture and other Primary activities. | Urban settlements are specialised in industries and services. |
| They are dependent on natural resources, mainly land for their income. | They provide various types of services like transport and communication, etc. |
| Agricultural and other productions in rural areas support industries of urban area. Rural areas provide raw materials to the industries. | Cities provide manufactured goods to rural areas and also to the people of cities. |
| Social bonds in rural areas are stronger and life is simple. | Social bonds in urban areas are formal and lite is complex, fast and surrounded with various problems. |
Or
The differences between chittered and dispersed rural settlements of India are as follows
| Clustered Rural Settlements | Dispersed Rural Settlements |
| The space between the houses are less. They are closely built up. | The space between the houses are more, They are scattered in areas. |
| These settlements are usually seen in the Northern Plains of India. | These settlements can be seen in remote hilly and mountainous areas or within the Forests. |
| In clustered settlements, different types of settlement patterns emerge like rectangular, linear, radial and circular. | In dispersed settlements, no pattern emerges because of scattering of houses, Houses are scattered over large areas. |
Question 23.
Describe few benefits of satellite communication in India. (3)
Answer:
The benefits of satellite communication in India are as follows
- Satellites provide a continuous and overall view of larger area which is very vital for the country due to the economic and strategic reasons.
- Telecommunication, meteorological observation and other data and programmes for India can be obtained through satellite system. Indian National Satellite System (INSAT) is a multipurpose satellite system used for this purpose.
- The Indian Remote Sensing Satellite System (IRS) is very useful in the management of natural resources, monitoring of natural calamities, surveillance of borders, etc in India.
Section D
Section D consists of 5 questions of 5 marks each
Question 24.
“Population in a region is affected by its geography”. Explain. (5)
Or
Explain the economic and social factors that affect the distribution of population in a region. Give examples. (2.5 + 2.5)
Answer:
The population in a region is affected by its geography. Various geographical factors affect the presence and distribution in a region. These factors include availability of water resources, suitable land, climate and soil availability.
These factors are described below
Availability of Water Resources Water is most ‘important for life. People prefer to live in those areas where freshwater resources are easily available in abundant quantities. This is the reason that population is concentrated in river valleys and fertile plains through which rivers and streams flow.
Suitable Landforms People prefer to live on flat plains and gentler slopes. Such regions are favourable for crop production and building infrastructure such as roads and industries. The regions such as mountains and hilly areas hinder the development of infrastructure and agriculture. This is the reason why Ganga plains are the most populated region in the world whereas the Himalayas densety populated and thinly populated.
Climatic Factors The population is concentrated in those regions where the climate is moderate and comfortable and there is little seasonal variation. On the other hand, harsh climates such as very hot or very cold climates or areas with very heavy rainfall tend to be uncomfortable to the people for living.
Mediterranean regions have been inhabited from early periods in history due to pleasant climates. Soil Resources Regions where there is availability of fertile soil are most populated because agriculture and allied activities are carried out with the help of fertile soil. These areas support intensive agriculture and concentration of more people in the region. Thus, geography of a region influences the population of that region.
Or
The population distribution in a region is influenced by economic as well as the social and cultural factors prevailing in a region. These factors are described below Economic Factors Economic factors such as mineral availability, industrialisation and urbanisation affect the population concentration in a region. These factors are described below
Availability of Minerals Areas that have huge mineral deposits attract people for working in industries. Mining and Industrial activities generate employment due to which the skilled and semi-skilled workforce move to these areas. For example, the Katanga Zambia copper belt in Africa.
Urbanisation and Industrialisation Urban areas offer better opportunities for employment, education, medical facilities, good means of transport and communication. For example, Megacities of the world such as New York, Mumbai attract large
number of people and are highly densety populated.
Industrial belts such as the Kobe-Osaka region of Japan is thickly populated as there is a presence of large number of industries, These industries provide job opportunities to factory workers, transport operators, doctors, teachers, etc.
Social Factors Social factors also play an important role in influencing population distribution. These factors are described below Places of Religious Significance Place which have high religious as well as cultural significance attract more number of people to those regions. These regions may receive more number of people seasonally or throughout the year. Places of high historical significance also attract a large number of people from other regions. For example, Varanasi in India, Jerusalem in Israel, etc.
Places of Conflict and Wars The regions which are characterised by frequent social and political conflicts and wars are thinly populated. These regions tend to push away people to other areas which offer safety and security and peace and stability to the people. For example, people move to Western countries to enjoy their rights in the democratic countries.
Question 25.
Explain the distribution of any two type of energy resources in India. (5)
Or
Non-conventional energy resources will prove more sustainable in the long term. Describe any two non-conventional energy
resources found in India. (5)
Answer:
Energy resources are those resources that we required to generate power to be used by agriculture, industry, transport and other sectors of the economy. These resources include mineral fuels such as coal, petroleum and natural gas, nuclear, minerals, etc.
Distribution of Coal in India
Coal is used in generation of thermal power. In India, it is mainly found in Gondwana and Tertiary deposits. Gondwana coal constitutes 80% of coal deposits of India The most important Gondwana coal fields in India are located in the Damodar Valley. it’s in the Jharktiand-Bengal coal belt. Important coal fields are Ranigan, Jharia, Bokaro, Gindih, Karanpura.
Gondwana coal is also found in river valleys of Godavari, Mahanadi and Son. Important coal mining centres include Sngrauli in Madhya Pradesh, Korba in Chhattisgarh. Talcher in Oclisha, Pandur in Andhra Pradesh.
Tertiary coal fields are present in Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya and Nagaland. Important mining centres include Cherrapunji, Maolong in Meghalaya, Makum, Jaipur and Nazira in upper Assam and Namchik-Namphuk in Arunachal Pradesh. Distribution of Petroleum in India Crude petroleum is an important sources of energy for all internal combustion engines.
It is mainly distributed in the sedimentary rocks of the tertiary period. Till the year 1956, oil was mainly extracted from
the oil field of Digboi in Assam. Later on, new deposits of petroleum were found along the Eastern and Western parts of the country.
In the Western part, oil is found mainly in Ankleshwar, Kalol, Mehsana, Nawagam, Kosamba and Lunej in Gujarat and Mumbai High region in the Arabian sea, In the East, Digboi, Naharkatiya, and Moran are important sites in Assam. It is also found in the Krishna Godavari basin and Kaveri River basin.
Or
The non-conventional energy resources are more clean and equitably distributed over the surface of earth. They provide more sustained and eco-friendly energy and hence they will be sustainable in the long run. Two non-conventional energy resources found in India are
(i) Nuclear Energy Nuclear energy has emerged as an important resource for energy production in India. Its produced from Uranium and Thorium.
Uranium deposits occur In Singhbhum copper belt. It is also found in Udaipur, Alwar and Jhunjhunu districts of Rajasthan, Bhandara district of Maharashtra and Kullu in Himachal Pradesh.
Thorium deposits occur in monazite and ilmenite in the beach sands along the Kerala and Tamil Nadu. The richest monazite deposits occur in Palakkad and Kollam districts of Kerala, near Visakhapatnam in Andhra Pradesh and Mahanadi river delta in Orissa.
(ii) Solar Energy Sun’s energy can be tapped in photovoltaic cells to be converted into solar energy. Solar energy can be used by two processes- Thermal energy and photovoltaic energy. Solar energy is cost-competitive, environment-friendly and very easy to construct.
Solar power plants have been constructed in the states of Karnataka, Telangana, Rajasthan, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra. Rewa solar power plant has been recently constructed in the state of Madhya Pradesh. It is India’s first single-site solar power plant.
Question 26.
Elucidate the concept of ‘trading’ in tertiaty sector of economy. (5)
Answer:
Trading is essentially buying and selling of items produced elsewhere and specifically intended for profit. The towns and cities where all these works take place are known us trading centres.
The rise of trading from barter at the local level to money exchange of international scale has produced many centres and institutions such as trading centres or collection and distribution points.
The types of trading are Retail Trading This is the business activity concerned with me sale of goods directly to the consumers. Most of the retail trading takes place in fixed establishments or stores solely devoted to selling. Street, peddling, handcarts. trucks, door-to-door mail-order, telephones, automatic vending machines and Internet are examples of non-store retail trading.
Wholesale Trading It constitutes bulk business through numerous intermediary merchants and supply houses and not through retail stores. Some large stores including chain stores are able to buy directly from the manufacturers.
However, most retail stores procure supplies from an intermediary source. Wholesalers often extend credit to retail stores to such an extent that the retailer operates very largely on the wholesaler’s capital.
Question 27.
How can you say that different marketing centres try to provide services by targeting different markets? (5)
Answer:
There are three types, of trading centres or marketing centres which provide different services to target their markets. These try to provide services by targeting different markets in the following ways
(i) Rural Marketing Centres These centres cater to nearby settlements. These are quasi-urban centres. Here, personal and professional services are not well-developed.
These are in the form of local collecting distribution Centres. Most of these have mandis (wholesale markets) and also retailing areas They are significant centres for making available goods and services which are most frequently demanded by rural folk.
(ii) Periodic Markets These market are found where there are no regular market and local markets are organised at different Temporal intervals. These may be weekly, bi-weekly markets from where people from the surrounding areas meet their temporally accumulated demand. These markets are held on specific days and move from one place to another. The shopkeepers thus, remain busy on all the days while a large area is served by them.
(iii) Urban Marketing Centres These have more widely specialised urban services. They provide ordinary goods and services as well as many of the specialised goods and services required by people. Urban centres, therefore, offer manufactured goods, as well as many specialised markets develop.
For example, markets for labour, housing and semi or finished products. Different services are also available in these markets like services of educational institutions such as teachers, lawyers, consultants, physicians, dentists, and veterinary doctors. etc.
Question 28.
Explain any two methods that can be used to conserve the depleting resources of water in India. (5)
Or
Mention some of the problems in development of water resources in the Country. (3)
Answer:
Two methods used to conserve the depleting resources of water in the country include Watershed Management
Watershed management refers to the efficient management and conservation of surface and groundwater resources. It involves the prevention of runoff water and storage and recharge of groundwater by the use of percolation tanks, recharge wells, etc.
Waterned reargument includes conservation, regeneration and judicious use of all resources including and resources, paints. animals. etc. It involves community participation and the support of both central and state governments. Some of rise programmes have also been implemented by NGO’S. Programmes such as Haryali and Neeru-Meeru have been successful in conserving water for drinking, irrigation, fishers, etc.
Rain Water Harvesting
Rainwater harvesting is a method to capture and store rainwater for various uses. It is a low-cost and eco-friendly technique for preserving avery drop of Water Rainwater harvesting S practised by digging wells, recharge pits, etc
It increases water availability, checks the declining groundwater level and improves the quality of groundwater by dilution of contaminants like fluoride and nitrates.
Traditional rainwater harvesting in rural areas is done by using surface storage bodies like lakes, ponds, irrigation tanks etc. In Rajasthan, rainwater harvesting structures are known as kund or tanka. Rainwater can also be conserved by harvesting rainwater on rooftops and open spaces which also bridges the demand-supply gap in water and conserve water for future uses.
or
The major problems in the development of water resources in the country are as follows
Insufficient Availability of Water Total available water resource in India has been estimated to be around 1869 cubic km. Out of this, only 1140 cubic km water potential is available for utilisation. Availability of water in ratio of population is low and per capita availablìty is decreasing day by day.
Uneven Distribution of Water Distribution of water resources in India is very uneven. Some areas are facing scarcity while some have surplus, Hence, it creates difficulty improperly managing the resources.
Over-Utilisation of Water Due to over over-utilisation of this valuable resource, it is difficult to provide water to all regions. Oversupply of water in urban areas results in lack of water supply in other areas
Deteriorating Quality of Water Despite having access to water supply, there’s a major issue of quality of water. Poor quality water and polluted water resources causes various waterborne diseases such as diarrhoea.
Section E
Section E consists of 2 Map based questions of 5 marks each
Question 29.
On the given political map of India, locate and label any five of the following with appropriate symbols. (5)
(i) The state having the lowest density of population
(ii) An oil refinery in Uttar Pradesh
(iii) A coal mine in Jharkhand
(iv) An International Airport in Kerala
(v) A manganese mine in Karnataka
(vi) Leading producer of cotton
(vii) An International seaport.
Answer:
Question 30.
On the given political map of the world, the following seven features are shown. Identify any five of these features and write their correct names on the lines marked near each feature. (5)
(i) An inland waterway
(ii) A major airport
(iii) A major seaport
(iv) Western Terminal Station of Trans-Canadian Railway
(v) An international airport
(vi) Canal
(vii) A major airport in Asia
Answer:
